Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are important transformations, which allow the attainment of structurally complex derivatives in a single step, starting from three or more compounds with relatively simple structures. These reactions are generally associated with the principles of green chemistry, allowing the incorporation of most (or all) atoms of the starting materials in the products (atom economy) and reducing purification steps (and, consequently, the need for solvents and waste production). For a long time, asymmetric methodologies (in special enantioselective protocols) for most multicomponent transformations remained a gap in the literature, limiting the use of these reactions to produce derivatives only as racemates or in low diastereoselectivities. Over the last two decades, a better comprehension of the mechanisms associated with these transformations allowed the development of efficient enantio- and diastereoselective procedures, attracting the interest of both academia and industry. In this review, selected examples of four important multicomponent reactions (Strecker, Mannich, Passerini and Ugi) will be discussed, presenting a general overview of the development of this field and pointing out possible advantages and limitations of the above mentioned methodologies. In some cases, discussions around mechanisms, proposed transition states and activation modes will be detailed disclosed.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar apresentações mais graves de COVID-19. Métodos: Pacientes consecutivamente admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva foram submetidos à análise de clusters por meio de método de explorações sequenciais Resultados: Analisamos os dados de 147 pacientes, com média de idade de 56 ± 16 anos e Simplified Acute Physiological Score 3 de 72 ± 18, dos quais 103 (70%) demandaram ventilação mecânica e 46 (31%) morreram na unidade de terapia intensiva. A partir do algoritmo de análise de clusters, identificaram-se dois grupos bem definidos, com base na frequência cardíaca máxima [Grupo A: 104 (IC95% 99 - 109) batimentos por minuto versus Grupo B: 159 (IC95% 155 - 163) batimentos por minuto], frequência respiratória máxima [Grupo A: 33 (IC95% 31 - 35) respirações por minuto versus Grupo B: 50 (IC95% 47 - 53) respirações por minuto] e na temperatura corpórea máxima [Grupo A: 37,4 (IC95% 37,1 - 37,7)ºC versus Grupo B: 39,3 (IC95% 39,1 - 39,5)ºC] durante o tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, assim como a proporção entre a pressão parcial de oxigênio no sangue e a fração inspirada de oxigênio quando da admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva [Grupo A: 116 (IC95% 99 - 133) mmHg versus Grupo B: 78 (IC95% 63 - 93) mmHg]. Os subfenótipos foram distintos em termos de perfis inflamatórios, disfunções orgânicas, terapias de suporte, tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva (com proporção de 4,2 entre os grupos). Conclusão: Nossos achados, baseados em dados clínicos universalmente disponíveis, revelaram dois subfenótipos distintos, com diferentes evoluções de doença. Estes resultados podem ajudar os profissionais de saúde na alocação de recursos e seleção de pacientes para teste de novas terapias.

Abstract Objective: To identify more severe COVID-19 presentations. Methods: Consecutive intensive care unit-admitted patients were subjected to a stepwise clustering method. Results: Data from 147 patients who were on average 56 ± 16 years old with a Simplified Acute Physiological Score 3 of 72 ± 18, of which 103 (70%) needed mechanical ventilation and 46 (31%) died in the intensive care unit, were analyzed. From the clustering algorithm, two well-defined groups were found based on maximal heart rate [Cluster A: 104 (95%CI 99 - 109) beats per minute versus Cluster B: 159 (95%CI 155 - 163) beats per minute], maximal respiratory rate [Cluster A: 33 (95%CI 31 - 35) breaths per minute versus Cluster B: 50 (95%CI 47 - 53) breaths per minute], and maximal body temperature [Cluster A: 37.4 (95%CI 37.1 - 37.7)°C versus Cluster B: 39.3 (95%CI 39.1 - 39.5)°C] during the intensive care unit stay, as well as the oxygen partial pressure in the blood over the oxygen inspiratory fraction at intensive care unit admission [Cluster A: 116 (95%CI 99 - 133) mmHg versus Cluster B: 78 (95%CI 63 - 93) mmHg]. Subphenotypes were distinct in inflammation profiles, organ dysfunction, organ support, intensive care unit length of stay, and intensive care unit mortality (with a ratio of 4.2 between the groups). Conclusion: Our findings, based on common clinical data, revealed two distinct subphenotypes with different disease courses. These results could help health professionals allocate resources and select patients for testing novel therapies.

Abstract: BRS Sarandi is adapted to low and medium fertility soils. Annual DMY is 11 t ha-1 and levels of CP and IVDMD are 8.7 and 56.5, respectively. The average daily weight gain is 0.7 kg head-1 day-1 and the weight gain per area reached 15 @ carcass ha-1 year-1 without supplementation except for mineral salt.

Resumo: Introdução: No Brasil, estima-se que haja 45,6 milhões de pessoas com alguma deficiência. As disparidades de saúde enfrentadas pelas pessoas com deficiência (PCD) decorrem, entre outros fatores, do acesso inadequado aos cuidados de saúde e da formação deficiente dos profissionais para lidar com essas situações. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a presença de aspectos relacionados com a atenção à saúde das PCD nos currículos dos cursos de Medicina do Brasil. Método: Foi realizada análise documental dos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos, dos currículos, das ementas de componentes curriculares e dos conteúdos programáticos, incluindo pesquisas em sites de 328 cursos de Medicina (42% públicos e 58% privados) autorizados pelo Ministério da Educação. As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) do Curso de Graduação em Medicina foram adotadas como referencial teórico. A classificação considerada foi: classe I - atendimento mínimo do projeto pedagógico às recomendações sobre o cuidado para PCD, pela estrita transcrição do texto das DCN, e classe II - inclusão nas ementas e nos conteúdos programáticos dos componentes curriculares de atividades voltadas ao desenvolvimento de competências clínicas especificamente relacionadas ao cuidado destinado à saúde das PCD, incluindo comunicação, exame clínico e aspectos éticos. Resultado: Documentos de 171 cursos estavam disponíveis para análise adequada. Desse total, em 89 cursos (52%) foi identificada a inclusão de aspectos relacionados ao cuidado com PCD, sendo mais prevalente nos cursos públicos (n = 56; 62,9%). Em 50 (29,2%) cursos, observou-se a inclusão do ensino da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras). Os conteúdos curriculares identificados foram predominantemente focados na classe I (n = 80; 89,9%), com absoluta falta de descrição das estratégias processuais para promover o desenvolvimento de competências clínicas relacionadas ao cuidado para PCD. Conclusão: No contexto brasileiro, os dados apontam para uma situação dramática no que se refere à invisibilidade das questões relativas às PCD na formação médica e para a necessidade de desenvolvimento e implementação de estratégias educacionais especificamente voltadas para o cuidado com as PCD nos currículos médicos. O estudo reforça o papel essencial do cuidado competente destinado à saúde das PCD como estratégia que visa à mitigação das iniquidades de saúde enfrentadas por essas pessoas.

Abstract: Introduction: In Brazil, official data estimate there are 45.6 million people with some type of disability and legislation establishes that medical schools should prepare future professionals for the essential care for people with disabilities (PWD). Health disparities faced by PWD are due, among other factors, to inadequate access to healthcare and poor training of professionals to deal with these situations. Objective: To identify the presence of aspects related to PWD healthcare in the curricula of medical courses in Brazil. Method: A documentary analysis of curricula and syllabuses was performed and included research in websites of 328 medical courses (42% public and 58% private) authorized by the Brazilian Ministry of Education. The Brazilian National Curricular Guidelines (NCG) were adopted as a theoretical framework (Brazil, 2014). The classification considered was: Class I - minimum attendance of the pedagogical project to the recommendations on care for PWD, due to the strict transcription of the NCG text and Class II - inclusion in the syllabus and programmatic content of the reference curricular components to the development of specifically related clinical skills to the health care of the PWD, including communication, clinical examination skills and ethical aspects. Results: Documents from 171 courses were available for analysis and the inclusion of aspects related to PWD healthcare was identified in 89 courses (52%). This inclusion was more prevalent in public courses (n=56; 62,9%) than in private ones. The inclusion of the teaching of the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) was observed In 50 courses (29.2%). The curricular contents were predominantly focused on the Class I (n=80;89,9%) with an absolute lack of description of the procedural strategies to promote the development of clinical competencies related to PWD care. Conclusion: Our study reinforces the need to improve this approach in medical school curricula since providers can play an essential role in mitigating health disparities faced by PWD through competent care. In the Brazilian context, our data point out to a dramatic situation consistent with the invisibility of PWD issues; a need for the development and implementation of PWD-specific educational curricula.

Resumo O gênero Paratrygon, reconhecido atualmente como o único gênero monotípico da família Potamotrygonidae, possui uma considerável alta diversidade do que previamente indicado, incluindo estudos moleculares, que corroboravam P. aiereba (a única espécie reconhecida para o gênero até então) como um possível complexo de espécies. Aqui descrevemos duas novas espécies do gênero para a bacia do Orinoco, ambas endêmicas e simpátricas para esta bacia. Paratrygon aiereba, espécie tipo do gênero, agora está restrita para a bacia Amazônica. Ambas novas espécies são identificadas e definidas através de caracteres morfológicos tais como coloração, morfologia dos dentículos dérmicos, arranjo dos espinhos pontiagudos, distribuição e morfologia dos canais ventrais da linha lateral, morfologia dos elementos do esqueleto e morfometria. Uma comparação extensiva destes caracteres entre as novas espécies aqui descritas e P. aiereba é apresentada. Finalmente uma reavaliação taxonômica de P. aiereba é fornecida através da revisão de espécimes preservados e de sua descrição original, além de novas evidências sobre sua possível localidade-tipo, coletores, e uma reconsideração do destino de seu espécime-tipo.

Abstract The genus Paratrygon, currently recognized as the sole monotypic genus of the family Potamotrygonidae, has a considerably greater diversity than previously indicated, including molecular studies, which supported P. aiereba (hitherto the only recognized species in the genus) as a possible species complex. Here we describe two new species of the genus that are both endemic to and sympatric in the Orinoco basin. Paratrygon aiereba, type species of the genus, is now restricted to the Amazon basin. Both new species are identified and defined through morphological characters such as coloration, dermal denticle morphology, arrangement of thorns, distribution and morphology of ventral lateral line canals, morphology of skeletal elements, and morphometrics. An extensive comparison of these characters between the new species herein described and P. aiereba is presented. Finally, a taxonomic reappraisal of P. aiereba is provided through a revision of preserved material and its original description, plus new evidence about its type-locatity, collectors, and a reconsideration of the destination of its type-specimen.

Abstract: The ‘History of the Education of the Black Population’ category of the research Educação e relações étnico-raciais: o estado da arte (Silva, Regis, & Miranda, 2018) covered the analysis of theses and dissertations defended in stricto sensu graduate programs in Education between 2003 and 2014. In this article, we examined the 18 student works that were grouped into three subcategories. A content analysis of the works was carried out, a brief description of the statistical data, highlighted themes, methodologies, recommendations and theoretical references most used. His contributions to the field of History of Education were discussed. It was stressed that the set of research has the merit of discussing stories, memories, struggles and life trajectories silenced in Brazilian science.

Resumen: La categoría ‘Historia de la educación de la población negra’ de la investigación Educação e relações étnico-raciais: o estado da arte (Silva, Regis, & Miranda, 2018) cubrió el análisis de tesis y disertaciones defendidas en programas de posgrado estrictos. en Educación entre 2003 y 2014. En este artículo, examinamos los 18 trabajos de estudiantes que se agruparon en tres subcategorías. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de los trabajos, una breve descripción de los datos estadísticos, temas destacados, metodologías, recomendaciones y referencias teóricas más utilizadas. Se discutieron sus contribuciones al campo de la Historia de la Educación. Se subrayó que el conjunto de investigaciones tiene el mérito de discutir historias, recuerdos, luchas y trayectorias de vida silenciadas en la ciencia brasileña.

Resumo: A categoria ‘História da Educação da População Negra’ da pesquisa Educação e relações étnico-raciais: o estado da arte (Silva, Regis, & Miranda, 2018) abrangeu a análise de teses e dissertações defendidas em programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu em educação entre 2003 e 2014. Neste artigo, examinaram-se os 18 trabalhos discentes que foram agrupados em três subcategorias. Realizou-se uma análise de conteúdo dos trabalhos, uma breve descrição dos dados estatísticos, temáticas em destaque, metodologias, recomendações e referenciais teóricos mais utilizados. Discutiram-se suas contribuições para o campo da história da educação. Sublinhou-se que o conjunto das pesquisas tem o mérito de debater histórias, memórias, lutas e trajetórias de vidas silenciadas na ciência brasileira.

Abstract This book symposium comprises a précis of Nuno Venturinha’s Description of Situations: An Essay in Contextualist Epistemology (Springer, 2018) together with four critical commentaries on different aspects of the book by Marcelo Carvalho, João Vergílio Gallerani Cuter, Marcos Silva and Darlei Dall’Agnol, and the author’s replies.

Resumo A Categoria “História da Educação da População Negra” da pesquisa “Educação e Relações Étnico-Raciais: o Estado da Arte” (2018) abrangeu a análise de 35 teses e dissertações. Neste artigo serão examinados os pormenores das 17 pesquisas agrupadas na subcategoria “Educação de crianças e jovens negros(as)”. Observou-se que a temática da História da Educação da População Negra é uma área em construção, mas em expansão, apesar da necessidade de um número maior de pesquisas.

Abstract The “History of the Education of the Black Population” Category of the research “Education and Ethnic-Racial Relations: the State of the Art” (2018) covered the analysis of 35 theses and dissertations. In this article, the details of the 17 surveys grouped in the subcategory “Education of black children and young people” will be examined. It was observed that the theme of the History of Education of the Black Population is an area under construction, but expanding, despite the need for a greater number of researches.

Resumen La categoría “Historia de la educación de la población negra” de la investigación “Educación y relaciones étnico-raciales: el estado del arte” (2018) abarcó el análisis de 35 tesis y disertaciones. En este artículo se examinarán los detalles de las 17 encuestas agrupadas en la subcategoría “Educación de niños y jóvenes negros”. Se observó que el tema de la Historia de la Educación de la Población Negra es un área en construcción, pero en expansión, a pesar de la necesidad de un mayor número de investigaciones.

Résumé La catégorie “Histoire de l'éducation de la population noire” de la recherche “Éducation et relations ethno-raciales: l'état de l'art” (2018) a couvert l'analyse de 35 thèses et mémoires. Dans cet article, les détails des 17 enquêtes regroupées dans la sous-catégorie “Education des enfants et des jeunes noirs” seront examinés. On a observé que le thème de l’histoire de l’éducation de la population noire est un domaine en construction, mais en expansion, malgré la nécessité d’un plus grand nombre de recherches.

Abstract Stylosanthes (Papilionoideae, Leguminosae) is a predominantly Neotropical genus with ~48 species that include worldwide important forage species. This study presents the chromosome number and morphology of eight species of the genus Stylosanthes (S. acuminata, S. gracilis, S. grandifolia, S. guianensis, S. hippocampoides, S. pilosa, S. macrocephala, and S. ruellioides). In addition, staining with CMA and DAPI, in situ hybridization with 5S and 35S rDNA probes, and estimation of DNA content were performed. The interpretation of Stylosanthes chromosome diversification was anchored by a comparison with the sister genus Arachis and a dated molecular phylogeny based on nuclear and plastid loci. Stylosanthes species showed 2n = 20, with low cytomolecular diversification regarding 5S rDNA, 35S rDNA, and genome size. Arachis has a more ancient diversification (~7 Mya in the Pliocene) than the relatively recent Stylosanthes (~2 Mya in the Pleistocene), and it seems more diverse than its sister lineage. Our data support the idea that the cytomolecular stability of Stylosanthes in relation to Arachis could be a result of its recent origin. The recent diversification of Stylosanthes could also be related to the low morphological differentiation among species, and to the recurrent formation of allopolyploid complexes.

Resumen En Brasil se han liberado nuevos cultivares del pasto guinea (Megathyrsus maximus sin. Panicum maximum) altamente productivos y es necesario evaluar su capacidad de carga y la calidad del forraje en condiciones de pastoreo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las ganancias de peso vivo de toretes Nellore en tres pasturas de guinea bajo pastoreo rotacional. El experimento se llevó a cabo en Planaltina (Distrito Federal), Brasil, durante una temporada lluviosa (noviembre‒abril) y una temporada seca (mayo‒agosto). Los tratamientos fueron los cultivares Massai (testigo), BRS Tamani y BRS Zuri. Zuri y Tamani proporcionaron mayores ganancias de peso vivo diarias (0.38 y 0.42 kg/animal, respectivamente) durante el período experimental que Massai (0.28 kg/animal). Para los tres cultivares, las ganancias de peso vivo animal disminuyeron notablemente a partir de mayo (comienzo de la estación seca). No obstante, los toretes pastoreando Tamani y Zuri ganaron 0.20 kg/animal/día hasta fines de agosto, mientras que los animales en Massai ganaron solo 0.08 kg/animal/día. Estos resultados se pueden explicar por las diferencias en la calidad del forraje disponible, determinada con base en un muestreo de simulación de pastoreo (‘hand-plucking’). La digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca de Massai fue de 555 g/kg, en comparación con 621 g/kg para Tamani y 590 g/kg para Zuri. La concentración de proteína cruda también fue mayor para Tamani y Zuri (71.9 y 74.2 g/kg, respectivamente) que para Massai (62.2 g/kg). Como el desperdicio de forraje fue particularmente alto en Massai, se necesitan más estudios para determinar si en este cultivar eventuales cargas animal más altas durante la temporada lluviosa podrían resultar en una mayor producción de peso vivo por hectárea sin afectar la ganancia de peso diaria por animal.

Abstract New highly productive guineagrass (Megathyrsus maximus syn. Panicum maximum) cultivars have been released in Brazil and grazing trials are necessary to evaluate their carrying capacity and forage quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the liveweight gains of young Nellore bulls grazing 3 guineagrass cultivars under rotational stocking. The experiment was carried out in Planaltina (Federal District, Brazil) during a single rainy (November‒April) and dry (May‒August) season. Treatments were Massai (control), BRS Tamani and BRS Zuri cultivars. Zuri and Tamani pastures provided greater average daily liveweight gains (ADG) (0.38 and 0.42 kg/head, respectively) over the experimental period than Massai (0.28 kg/head). For all cultivars liveweight gains decreased markedly from May onwards at the beginning of the dry season. Nevertheless, bulls grazing Tamani and Zuri pastures still gained 0.20 kg/hd/d until late August, while those on Massai pastures gained only 0.08 kg/hd/d. The differences in ADGs can be explained to some extent by differences in quality of available forage. In vitro dry matter digestibility of plucked samples of Massai was 555 g/kg, compared with 621 g/kg for Tamani and 590 g/kg for Zuri. Crude protein concentration in plucked samples was also greater for Tamani and Zuri (71.9 and 74.2 g/kg, respectively) than for Massai (62.2 g/kg). As feed wastage was particularly high in Massai, further studies are needed to verify if higher stocking rates during the wet season could result in greater production of live weight per ha on this cultivar, assuming that ADG does not decrease further with the increased stocking rate.

ABSTRACT In order to reconstruct the vegetation history of the last 10.000 years, palynological analyses were carried out using 17 sedimentary samples of a core drilled in Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD-MG). Twenty-one species of fern spores, 52 species of pollen grains and six species of fungi were identified. Phase 1 (10.375 - 9.350 cal. years BP) is characterized by a low concentration and diversity of pollen grains and is thus interpreted as a fluvial system with the presence of coarse-grained sediments. Phase 2 (9.062 - 8.195 cal. Years BP) is interpreted as a transition from a fluvial to lacustrine environment. Phase 3 (7.905 - 4.785 cal years BP) is characterized by increased trend of palynomorph concentration, highlighted by a high abundance and diversity of fern spores, which are indicative of a more a humid condition. The uppermost phase, Phase 4 (4.785 - 50 cal. Years AP), possessed a lower abundance of herbaceous flora, which is replaced by other vegetation groups (e.g. marsh, cerrado, Atlantic Forest). The uppermost sample represents the contemporary environment (~50 years), which is characterized as seasonally-flooded.

ABSTRACT The procedures for a set of techniques to recover grains of pollen 26 and spores from liquid samples are described. Liquefied samples of matrices, such as melting lakes, snow and ice, can provide a record of climatic and environmental events at different geographic and temporal scales. The need for standardization of techniques was demonstrated in research carried out with matrices of snow and water of thawing lakes and snow collected on King George and Joinville islands (Antarctica). The use of the methods described can permit increased rescue of palynomorphs from liquid matrices, thereby adding greater reliability to palynological data and its use as a biotracer of environmental events. Methods of sieving and centrifugation were tested, and sieving proved more efficient for the matrices analyzed.

Resumo Equipes editoriais envidam constantes esforços no cumprimento de requisitos qualitativos e quantitativos exigidos por agências indexadoras de periódicos científicos. Aqueles periódicos ainda não consolidados nas suas áreas de interesse - e consequentemente ainda não inseridos nas bases de dados que produzem indicadores - normalmente deixam de coletar, calcular e analisar dados que venham a auxiliá-los na tomada de decisão. Assim, questiona-se a possibilidade e as condições de geração de indicadores de desempenho, utilizando-se os dados presentes na plataforma Open Journal Systems - enquanto ambiente de editoração e publicação de periódicos científicos -, em conjunto com outras fontes de dados sob domínio ou alcance dos seus gestores. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi explorar uma metodologia para geração de tais indicadores, integrando a criação e uso de uma base de referências com a consulta aos critérios de avaliação de periódicos verificados na literatura e, ainda, com o processo de extração de metadados. Tal metodologia, aplicada ao periódico “AtoZ: novas práticas em informação e conhecimento”, resultou na exploração de um corpus de referências em BibTeX e na conversão dos metadados existentes no arco temporal de 2011 a 2016, permitindo o planejamento, criação e análise de indicadores que, potencialmente, podem auxiliar na visão estratégica do periódico. O conjunto de dados coletados e o teste dos indicadores propostos reforçam a necessidade de preenchimento integral e constante dos metadados, bem como as vantagens do uso do formato BibTeX, além de permitir a sequência da investigação, voltada ao entendimento, avaliação e comparação do periódico com outros títulos disponíveis.

Abstract Editorial teams usually engage in constant efforts to meet the qualitative and quantitative requirements demanded by indexing agencies. Those journals which, due to the fact that they have not been consolidated in the areas of interest for publication - and consequent non-insertion in indexing databases - usually don’t apply procedures to collect, compute and analyze data that could help managers in the decision making process. Under this assumption, a question has been raised concerning the feasibility (and conditions) in which the use of data present in the Open Journal Systems platform - as an environment for publishing scientific journals - along with other sources under the domain/scope of the journal managers could generate performance indicators. The objective of this study was, therefore, to explore a methodology for the generation of such indicators, which integrates the creation and use of an article reference base; evaluation criteria for scientific journals derived from literature; and a process of metadata extraction. This methodology, applied to nine issues of the journal “AtoZ: novas práticas em informação e conhecimento”, gave rise to the exploration of a corpus of references in BibTeX and existing metadata. The results helped to design, create and analyze ten indicators which can, potentially, assist the editorial team in reviewing the strategic vision of the journal. The gathered data, followed by controlled tests of the proposed indicators, reinforces the need for a constant filling of metadata, as well as, stress the benefits of using the BibTeX format. The research offered some basis for a following investigation, which aims for a comparison between the AtoZ journal performance and other concurrent titles available.

Resumo O texto pretende apresentar brevemente os conteúdos da obra de Abba P. Lerner, com foco em sua abordagem para o problema do desemprego involuntário e em suas propostas para a geração do pleno emprego. Tendo em vista seu alegado alinhamento às construções teóricas de John M. Keynes a respeito dos mesmos temas, será feita uma comparação entre os conceitos e propostas apresentados pelos dois autores, aí apontando seus pontos de convergência e de divergência. Verifica-se que os autores compartilhavam uma orientação profundamente reformista em relação às economias capitalistas, cada um a seu modo propondo um padrão - ainda que decisivo, em ambas as abordagens - para a ação do Estado. A despeito desse aspecto comum, verifica-se que uma série de conteúdos teóricos da obra de Lerner o distanciaram sobremaneira de elementos fundamentais da visão original de Keynes.

Abstract This text aims to briefly present the contents of Abba P. Lerner's work focusing on his approach to the involuntary unemployment issue, as well as on his proposals to attain full employment. Given his alleged alignment to John M. Keynes's theoretical framework on the same matters, a comparison between those two authors will be made in terms of concepts and proposals , thus presenting the convergence and divergence of the points made by both authors. It appears that the authors shared a deeply reformist orientation towards capitalist economies, with each proposing his own pattern - although crucially, regarding both approaches - for state policies. Despite this common feature, it seems to be clear that a series of theoretical content in Lerner's work caused him to distance himself from fundamental components of Keynes's original approach.

ABSTRACT Background: Zika, a disease caused by Zika virus infections, has recently emerged and caused outbreaks in many parts of the world. The clinical manifestations of Zika are usually mild, mostly presenting as an exanthematic febrile disease, but on some occasions, it might be associated with microcephaly after intrauterine infection, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Zika virus is primarily transmitted by mosquito bites, but other means of transmission have been described, and potential risk for blood transmission has been reported in French Polynesia and Brazil. Methods: To investigate the risk of Zika virus infection after a blood transfusion in an area of Brazil where a possible transmission by a platelet concentrate has been described. Using a mini-pool format, 1857 blood donations were evaluated by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction designed to detect Zika virus RNA. Results: After testing samples individually from positive mini-pools, the prevalence of Zika virus RNA was only 0.16%, a result probably associated to the low circulation of this virus in the study area. In addition, it was evident that the implementation of post-surveillance programs is important to detect Zika virus infections in blood donors, as the post-donation surveillance program detected two blood donors with the disease in this study. Conclusion: This study shows that the risk for Zika virus transmission by blood transfusion is real, even in regions with a low circulation of the disease, but the combination of the detection of Zika virus RNA by polymerase chain reaction and post-donation surveillance might reduce the risk of transmission by blood transfusions.